DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PLANNING MODEL FOR WATER AND FISHERY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of an interdisciplinary model that analyzes the effects of resource management decisions on New Mexico fishery production, yield, sportfishing effort, and economic benefit to anglers. The model recreates river flows and materials transported through reservoirs and their tailwaters from 1974 through 1987. Solar radiation, water temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solids, and water exchange rates determine primary production. Organic loads from watershed sources, added to primary production, form a trophic base for sportfish forage. Fish production is partitioned into biomass and growth of each age class in sportfish and forage fish groups by differential responses to food type, light, water-level fluctuation and predation. Fish biomass, with angler population distribution and site condition, contributes to determining angler effort and economic benefits. Model users can vary and analyze water level and quality, stocking, fishing regulations, site access, site facilities, and site entry fees. The model (on floppy disks with a user manual) is available for operation on MS DOS compatible computers with a hard disk. Contact R. M. Wilson, NMGF, State Capitol, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87503.     

LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN RWERS: A DEAD-ZONE MODEL SOLUTION

ABSTRACT: The longitudinal dispersion of tracer material in rivers is simulated by a dead-zone model that involves two coupled differential equations. For an instantaneous injection of tracer material, the problem is solved by the Laplace. Transform and numerical inversion to obtain the time-concentration curve at any sampling station. The optimal values of the model parameters are estimated from field measurements. Applications of the model to three different rivers generally show that the model reproduces the longitudinal dispersion characteristics in natural streams with sufficient accuracy.     

APPLICATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR LAND USE PLANNING IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: An environmental simulation model of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been developed in order to predict hydrologic responses under proposed management plans. Land use projections for each of 19 hydrologic planning units are provided by a linear programming analysis of agricultural activities. Inputs to the model include rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), aquifer properties, topography, soil types, and vegetative patterns. A water balance is developed in the uplands based on infiltration, ET, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. Valley continuity is based on stage-volume relationship for inflows and outflows and a variable roughness coefficient dependent on vegetative patterns. Land use changes form the basis for predicting hydroperiod variation under alternative management schemes. Plans are ranked according to two criteria, deviation from a natural hydroperiod and flood or drought control provided. Results indicate that (1) a single reservoir without irrigation and (2) floodplain preservation plans are superior to (3) multiple reservoir with irrigation and (4) uncontrolled floodplain plans with regard to both criteria.     

THE STABILITY OF BLOCKS SUBJECTED TO PLUNGING WATER JETS

Laboratory observations were made on the stability of cubical blocks subjected to plunging water jets. The blocks were placed in a plunge basin at the base of a flip bucket. A dimensionless equation was derived and a nomogram was drawn to facilitate its solution. The results can be applied to determine the size of stones required to armor a plunge basin or scour hole.     

黄河山东段断流的成因及对策

近年来黄河下游断流时段、断流河段逐年延长, 断流开始日期逐年提前, 下游黄河面临决口改道的险境。同时, 下游的经济发展受到很大损失, 生态平衡受到严重破坏。本文分析产生的原因、指出危害、总结过去认识上的不足、探讨性的提出解决的对策     

98‘嫩江,松花江流域特大洪水灾害及其对黑龙江省社会经济的影响

根据对１９９８年嫩江、松花江特大洪水的详细调查资料,分析了洪水形成过程和特点。并阐述了洪涝灾害对主要受灾区黑龙江省的国民经济和粮食生产、工业交通、水利设施和人民生活等方面的影响。     

河流有机质生物地球化学研究进展

探讨了近年来河流中有机质的生物地球化学研究状况。大多数河流有机质的来源主要是外源即流域侵蚀而来的,经过河流的新陈代谢过程,把河流中的悬浮物分解为不同类型的有机质。在有机质分解过程中由于外部条件的差异,形成粒径大小不同的颗粒物和溶解有机质、无机质等。河流水体中的溶解有机碳(DOC)在全球不同纬度、不同区域,其含量差异较大,但目前对其生物地球化学控制的量级缺乏足够的理解和认识。另外碳氮同位素及其比值在当前的河流有机质生物地球化学研究中仍起着非常重要的示踪作用。     

卤代苯对江水细菌的慢性毒性

毒性数据是对化学品进行环境风险评价的基础,慢性毒性数据更能真实的反映毒物对水生生物生长、繁殖及生理功能产生的影响。本文采用细菌生长抑制实验,测定了17种卤代苯对长江水中混合细菌的慢性毒性,得到-lgNOEC值,毒性范围在4.27(氯苯)~5.22(1,2,4-三氯苯)之间。选用量化参数对毒性数据进行定量结构活性关系(QSAR)研究,结果表明,卤代苯对江水细菌的慢性毒性主要与化合物分子的空间大小有关,量化参数范德华面积(SVdW)及分子生成热(Hf)能够很好的描述卤代苯对江水细菌的慢性毒性。     

Integrating wetlands and riparian zones in river basin modelling

Wetlands, and in particular riparian wetlands, represent an interface between the catchment area and the aquatic environment. They control the exchange of water and related chemical fluxes from the upper catchment area to surface waters like streams and lakes. Their influence on water and nutrient balances has been investigated mainly at the patch scale. In this study an attempt was made (a) to integrate riparian zones and wetlands into eco-hydrological river basin modelling, and (b) to quantify the impacts of riparian wetland processes on water and nutrient fluxes in a meso-scale catchment located in the northeastern German lowland. The investigation was performed by analysing hydro-chemical field data and applying the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which was extended to reproduce the relevant water and nutrient flows and retention processes at the catchment scale in general, and in riparian zones and wetlands in particular. The main extensions introduced in the model were: (1) implementation of daily groundwater table dynamics at the hydrotope level, (2) implementation of water and nutrient uptake by plants from groundwater in riparian zones and wetlands, and (3) assessment of nutrient retention in groundwater and interflow. The simulation results indicate that wetlands, though they represent relatively small parts of the total catchment area, may have a significant impact on the overall water and nutrient balances of the catchment. The uncertainty of the simulation results is considerably high, with the main sources of uncertainty being the model parameters representing the geo-hydrology and the input data for land use management.     

岷江柏各地理居群生长状况及气候因子分析

岷江柏是我国珍稀濒危保护植物，现主要集中分布在四川西部、甘肃南部的少数几个地区，由于全面调查的缺乏，对其了解和保护很少。样方调查及对岷江柏生长状况的研究表明，马尔康居群岷江柏生长好，群落结构稳定，物种多样性指数高，茂县、小金居群岷江柏生长状况较差，乔木层结构单一，物种多样性指数低。结合气候因子的研究，结果表明岷江柏适于生长在温度适中、雨量充沛、蒸发量小、干燥系数小、太阳辐射较优的环境中。岷江柏分布区的生长状况和气候因子的相关分析表明，总蒸发量、生长季蒸发量和干燥系数是影响岷江柏生长的主要气象因子，年均温、年降雨量对岷江柏地径和高无明显影响，年均温、年降雨量对岷江柏种群乔木层多样性和重要值有重要影响。这说明岷江柏主要生长指标不单单取决于降水的多少，而着重要考虑有多少能够存留在土壤中，也就是说岷江柏分布区的干燥系数大小，能综合反应降水与蒸发的动态关系。